judicial campaign contributions

On a 4-3 vote, the Wisconsin Supreme Court adopted the rule, which was backed by business lobbying groups. Justice Patience Roggensack, writing for the majority, maintained that the rule will "send a message that making lawful contributions is not a dishonorable thing to do and it's not a dishonorable thing to receive."

But in dissent, Justice N. Patrick Crooks wrote, "I think what it's going to do is add to the perceptions (of bias) that are apparently out there rather than put them to rest." The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported that the majority in the case, In the matter of Amending the Rules of Judicial Conduct, rejected an alternate proposal pushed by the League of Women Voters of Wisconsin that would have triggered judicial recusals in certain instances.

In an article for the State Bar of Wisconsin's Web site, Alex De Grand wrote that the "First Amendment outweighed due process arguments," noting that Justice Roggensack wrote, "My major concern is the First Amendment."

In June, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Caperton v. Massey that the First Amendment, however, did not prevent it from fashioning a recusal rule. "We conclude," Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote for the 5-4 majority, "that there is a serious risk of actual bias - based on objective and reasonable perceptions - when a person with a personal stake in a particular case had a significant disproportionate influence in placing the judge on the case by raising funds or directing the judge's election campaign when the case was pending or imminent. The inquiry centers on the contribution's relative size in comparison to the total amount of money contributed to the campaign, the total amount spent in the election, and the apparent effect such contribution had on the outcome of the election."

In guest post for ACSblog, Professor Richard L. Hasen, of Loyola Law School, noted that while judicial elections, which 39 states have, are not going to disappear, Caperton would provide a "backstop for the most egregious cases of large campaign spending, when spending limits and judicial speech codes are otherwise off the table or severely limited."

For more analysis of judicial elections, see video of a panel discussion, "Judicial Elections: Financing, Recusal, and Judicial Independence," from the 2009 ACS National convention and an ACSblog interview with Justice at Stake's Bert Brandenburg on the impact of Caperton.