By Courtney Joslin, a professor at UC Davis School of Law
Last week, the California Supreme Court again waded into the issue of marriage for same-sex couples. The California Supreme Court issued an advisory opinion explaining the rights under California state law of the official initiative Proponents to defend the measure in court when state officials decline to do so. What is the impact of the court’s opinion on the pending Perry v. Brown litigation and where does the case go from here?
Standing
In May 2009, two same-sex couples sued various California officials in federal district court challenging California’s same-sex marriage ban – Proposition 8 – under the U.S. Constitution. All of the state officials refused to defend Prop 8 (although the Attorney General was the only named defendant to argue affirmatively that Prop 8 is unconstitutional). When the official Proponents of Prop 8 sought to intervene in the litigation, no party opposed their intervention, and the court granted the motion. The Proponents were the only parties who defended Prop 8 in the district court.
In August 2010, federal district judge Vaughn Walker ruled that Prop 8 violated the U.S. Constitution. The Prop 8 proponents appealed this decision; no state official sought further review. Commentators and the Ninth Circuit itself questioned whether the Proponents had standing to appeal the decision in the absence of the state defendants. Although the U.S. Supreme Court has not definitively resolved the issue, there is language in prior Supreme Court decisions suggesting that the standing of ballot initiative proponents may turn on their rights under state law. Accordingly, after oral argument, the Ninth Circuit certified the following question to the California Supreme Court: “[w]hether under [California law], the official proponents of an initiative measure possess either a particularized interest in the initiative’s validity or the authority to assert the State’s interest in the initiative validity[.]”
On November 17, 2011, the California Supreme Court unanimously answered the question in the affirmative. This conclusion, the court explained, was necessary to protect the integrity of the initiative process. A contrary result, the court said, would permit government officials indirectly to “veto or invalidate an initiative measure that has been approved by the voters.”
The California Supreme Court’s conclusion that the proponents would be permitted to defend the measure in state court was not surprising to anyone who had been following the case. What was at least somewhat surprising, however, was the fact that the court not only purported to explain the rights of ballot initiative sponsors as a matter of state law, but that it went further and offered its assessment of whether they had standing as a matter of federal law. In its analysis, the California Supreme Court assumed that Supreme Court case law addressing the standing of legislative leaders is equally applicable to initiative sponsors; that is, that initiative sponsors have Article III standing if state law authorizes them to represent or act on behalf of the state’s interest.

”I’m here as the official representative of the dark side,” Rutgers University law professor Earl Maltz said during a recent event commemorating the landmark gender equality Supreme Court decision 