October 2010

  • October 25, 2010
    Guest Post

    By Sherrilyn Ifill, Professor of Law, University of Maryland School of Law
    Last week, most of the mainstream media seemed anxious to move on from the story of Virginia Thomas' bizarre early morning phone call to the office of Professor Anita Hill, in which she invited Hill to apologize to Thomas for "what you did with my husband." But The Washington Post's subsequent, explosive interview with Clarence Thomas' former girlfriend who has corroborated much of Anita Hill's 1991 testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, has laid to rest the idea that this story is over. And indeed this episode is deserving of more attention. It's important because there are so many people who have no real memory of the Thomas confirmation hearings, or why they were so important. In their attempt to get past addressing Mrs. Thomas' bewildering conduct, some media outlets had dismissed the Thomas hearings as a mere "he said/she said" exchange of accusations. In fact, the Thomas hearings - both before and after the statements raised by Anita Hill were made public - constituted an important watershed moment in confirmation hearings, in our understanding of sexual harassment in the workplace, and even in our racial discourse. The temptation by the media to treat this as a non-story or to minimize its significance should be resisted.

    And in fact that's part of the story. Perhaps in part because the Thomas hearings were so painful, so ugly, so disturbing, Justice Thomas is often given a pass by the press. Some of his most inflammatory decisions on the Court - often in concurrence or dissent - are rarely remarked on by Supreme Court writers and bloggers. As I've suggested, even the problematic nature of some of Mrs. Thomas' political activities have been soft-pedaled by court watchers. But we should not soft-pedal history. These were the hearings at which Thomas assured the Committee that once confirmed he would hold no allegiance to the conservative views he'd advanced as a conservative darling and former member of the Reagan Administration. Long before Chief Justice John Roberts promoted the image of the "umpire" judge who just "calls balls and strikes," Thomas introduced us to another empty sports metaphor - promising that he would "strip down like a runner" and shed his earlier ideological views to be an impartial justice. Thomas also sought to reassure the Judiciary Committee and the public, that despite his earlier harsh words about civil rights leaders, and his own less than stellar stewardship of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), that he felt empathy (yes, empathy) for those less fortunate. He insisted that when from his office he could see a bus of prisoners in Washington, D.C., he felt, "there but for the grace of God, go I."

    But it was the hearings after Anita Hill's statements came to light that truly riveted the nation. Hill had worked for Thomas at the EEOC. Both were conservatives. Thomas had been serving on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals for little over a year when he was tapped by President George H.W. Bush who implausibly called the unremarkable Thomas, the "best candidate" for the job.

  • October 23, 2010

    AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion, which will be argued before the Supreme Court in November, is a case that "at first blush appears rather technical," hinging on a question of federal preemption. But "the stakes are high" in the case, explains Georgetown University Law Center professor Nina Pillard during an ACS panel, because the case has the potential to allow companies to ban class-actions in their standard-form contracts, thus eliminating the "classic way of enforcing rights that affect groups of people."

    Pillard set the stage for a lively and impassioned debate about the case, which could have significant implications for consumer and civil rights.

    AT&T's lawyers are arguing that California state courts have discriminated against arbitration clauses in holding that those that do not allow class actions are unconscionable, explained Stephen J. Ware, a law professor at the University of Kansas School of Law. This is a violation of the Federal Arbitration Act, a federal law that should trump state law, AT&T argues.

    But F. Paul Bland Jr. said the case is absolutely not about arbitration clauses.

    "The case is about whether AT&T can ban class actions," he said. " ... This case is about if you take a term, a ban on class actions, that is in a given case exculpatory, and you take it out of a general contract, and you put it in a contract term that has the label over it that says arbitration clause, does the phrase arbitration clause over the paragraph strike down the normal California rule against exculpatory clauses?"

    Alan Kaplinsky, a partner at Ballard Spahr, said the statistics cited by some courts show that consumers do better with individual arbitration than with class cases, because they win more money, the cases take less time, and they are likely to receive attorneys' fees.

    But Bland called a class action ban a "get out of jail free card" for corporations, who may be bilking 100,000 people out of $30, only 100 of whom pursue individual arbitration. By not allowing class actions, the company never has to pay the remaining 99,900 people, Bland explained.

    Watch the full discussion below.

     

  • October 22, 2010
    Education Policy
    Guest Post

    By Paul M. Secunda, an associate law professor at Marquette University Law School.
    Although the United States Supreme Court expressly decided not to weigh in on the issue in Garcetti v. Ceballos in 2006, the first major decision by an appellate court has been decided on whether or not Garcetti's holding (that there is no First Amendment protection when public employees speak pursuant to their official job duties), applies to public school teachers in the classroom.

    The decision is what I would expect from a court closely following the teachings of the Garcetti precedent: yes, Garcetti applies. In Evans-Marshall v. Bd. of Educ. of Tipp City Exempted Vill. Sch. Dist., a case involving a high school English teacher who claimed her employment was unconstitutionally terminated by an Ohio school district in retaliation for her choice of student reading selections (including Herman Hesse's Siddhartha) and teaching methods, the court (per Judge Sutton and two other Republican appointees - two appointed by Bush I, the other by Bush II) decided yesterday that:

    [T]he right to free speech protected by the First Amendment does not extend to the in-class curricular speech of teachers in primary and secondary schools made "pursuant to" their official duties.

    Without doing any legal analysis, just wrap your mind around that statement for a second.

    The people we entrust with teaching our children how to think, read, write, behave, become citizens, etc., have no ability, zero, to say what they wish in carrying out this crucial exercise of representative government. Now don't get me wrong, I understand that such environments require some discretion and decorum so that young impressionable minds are handled carefully, but to say that there is NO First Amendment right is absurd. At the very least, whatever interests the school district has should be balanced against the speech rights of the teacher - the holding in Pickering v. Bd. of Education - that makes much more sense, no?

    And I don't want to hear about the floodgate of litigation that will ensue if we permit such balancing. Balancing in this regard has been the norm since the Pickering case in 1968, and I have not seen a tidal wave of such cases overwhelm the federal courts yet (partly because it is so difficult to win these cases).

    But think about it for a second now from a policy perspective - what incentives are being established ex ante through this legal rule. At least two that trouble me. First, if you know that you speak outside of the school (say to the newspaper like Mr. Pickering himself did way back when), you are clearly protected in your speech to speak on matters of public concern. That means that public school teachers now have an incentive to air their dirty laundry in public rather than seek resolution within their schools or with the school board. That makes no sense.

  • October 22, 2010
    Thirteen years ago, as the Senate was holding up confirmation of President Bill Clinton's judicial nominees, then-Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist capitalized on his year-end report to criticize the Republican-controlled Senate for its inaction, Linda Greenhouse recalls in her Opinionator column in The New York Times.

    "[V]acancies cannot remain at such high levels indefinitely without eroding the quality of justice," Rehnquist declared on New Years Eve 1997. "The Senate is surely under no obligation to confirm any particular nominee, but after the necessary time for inquiry, it should vote him up or vote him down to give the president another chance at filling the vacancy."

    At that time, nearly one in ten seats on the federal courts were empty, Greenhouse reports. Today, the statistic is nearly one in eight, and the Senate is once again using procedural tactics to block up-or-down votes on nominees.

    What better statement, then, could Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. make during his own year-end address this year than to "take a page from his mentor" and implore up-or-down votes on nominees, Greenhouse suggests.

    She writes:

    [T]here's no doubt that the Senate Republicans deserve the lion's share of the blame for refusing to permit even uncontroversial judicial nominees to get a floor vote. The Senate ended its pre-election session last month leaving 23 nominees hanging, including 16 who had had hearings and received unanimous favorable votes in the Judiciary Committee. In other words, sheer obstructionism, rather than legitimate disputes over judicial philosophy, is the source of the problem, and here is where Chief Justice Roberts comes in - or can, if he cares to.

    Last year, Greenhouse points out, Roberts used his year-end address to "thank the judges and court staff throughout the land for their devoted service to the cause of justice."

    "I'm willing to assume that last year's baffling report was the result of judicial modesty rather than an idea deficit," Greenhouse writes. "In any event, I look forward to waking up on New Year's Day to this headline or its reasonable equivalent: ‘Senate Imperils Judicial System, Roberts Says.' "

    Visit JudicialNominations.org to learn more about the judicial vacancies crisis and track developments.

     

  • October 22, 2010

    The struggle for an independent judiciary and the politicization of judging, at all levels of government, was made clear this week when a retiring administrative law judge on the Commodity Futures Trading Commission alleged that his colleague made a secret deal with a former Republican chairwoman of the agency to rule against all plaintiffs. As The Washington Post reported, George H. Painter, one of two administrative law judges who adjudicate complaints by investors alleging violations of the agency's rules, wrote in a notice that the other judge secretly promised the chairwoman that he would never rule in a complainant's favor. "A review of his rulings will confirm that he fulfilled his vow," Painter wrote in the document, which he submitted at the time of his retirement announcement. Painter said he could not "in good conscience" allow any of his pending cases to go to Judge Bruce Levine, and asked the agency to find an administrative judge from elsewhere in the federal government to take on his cases.

    Meanwhile, Linda Greenhouse questioned whether Chief Justice John Roberts would  "take a page from his mentor," former Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, and use his end-of-the-year announcement to draw attention to the vacancy crisis and chide the Senate for its inaction.